In the wake of increasing industrialization and corporate expansion, the delicate balance between economic development and environmental preservation has become a topic of paramount importance. The escalating incidents of environmental degradation and hazards directly attributed to corporate actions have underscored the urgent need for a comprehensive analysis of corporate criminal liability within the Indian legal framework. This book, “Corporate Criminal Liability for Environmental Hazards in India: An analysis of the existing legislative framework and a blueprint for the future,” is conceived as a timely exploration into the intricacies of corporate accountability in the face of environmental challenges.

Embarking on this academic journey, the book aims to dissect the current legislative, judicial, and regulatory mechanisms in place to combat environmental crimes committed by corporations. It endeavors to bridge the research gap by offering a meticulous examination of the relationship between corporates and the environment, underscored by an analysis of corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards environmental protection. Through a detailed investigation into various environmental acts and the role of the judiciary in enforcing corporate environmental liability, this work seeks to provide a holistic understanding of the landscape of environmental jurisprudence in India.

Moreover, the book is structured to address critical research questions, laying out the scope and limitations of the study while presenting a well-defined research objective. A hypothesis is posited, reflecting on the significance of this study in the broader context of environmental law and corporate governance. A comprehensive literature review sets the stage for the ensuing chapters, each dedicated to unraveling different facets of corporate environmental liability, from theoretical underpinnings to practical applications, and judicial interpretations.

By analyzing landmark cases and the evolving role of judicial bodies like the National Green Tribunal, this work highlights the pivotal moments and legal precedents that have shaped the current understanding of corporate criminal liability for environmental hazards in India. The conclusion synthesizes the findings, offering robust suggestions for strengthening the legislative framework to ensure a sustainable and environmentally conscious corporate conduct in the future.

This book is intended for legal scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the confluence of corporate law, environmental ethics, and legal accountability. It is a call to action for a concerted effort towards crafting a future where economic growth and environmental sustainability are not mutually exclusive but are integrated into the fabric of corporate responsibility.

As we present this analysis and blueprint for the future, it is our hope that this work will contribute meaningfully to the ongoing discourse on environmental law and corporate liability, inspiring further research and advocacy in this critical area of legal scholarship.

Prof. Sreenidhi K. R.
Ms. Veena. S

Clinical trials stand at the crux of medical advancement, serving as the vital link between laboratory research and the availability of new treatments for patients’ ailments. In a world increasingly reliant on evidence-based medicine, the importance of rigorous, ethical, and well-regulated clinical trials cannot be overstated. However, the dynamic and multifaceted nature of clinical trials raises complex legal, ethical, and social issues, particularly in a diverse and populous nation like India. This book, “The Law Relating to Clinical Trials in India: The Prevailing Deficiencies and the Road Ahead,” by Ms. Gayathri N. M. and Ms. Nidhi R, provides a comprehensive analysis of India’s legal framework governing clinical trials. It assesses the current state of the law, identifies the deficiencies therein, and offers a thought-provoking exploration of the path to rectifying these shortcomings. The pages within unfold the historical tapestry of clinical trials, setting the stage with an exploration of their evolution both globally and within the Indian context. The book ventures into the intricate lattice of regulations and guidelines that govern clinical trials in India and juxtaposes them against the global standards set by more developed frameworks in the United States and Canada.

Through the chapters, the reader is invited to examine the role of Indian courts in interpreting and applying the laws concerning clinical trials, often acting as bulwarks against unethical practices. The narrative further delves into the comparisons between regulatory systems, thereby drawing lessons from international best practices. Perhaps most critically, this work does not shy away from discussing the challenges and deficiencies that mar the current Indian clinical trial landscape. It ventures into the depths of the 2019 New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules (NDCTR), unearthing its flaws and potential. The Covid-19 pandemic and the resultant vaccine fast approvals present a case study, highlighting the urgency for reform in the face of unprecedented global health challenges.

As we reach the denouement in the concluding chapter, the authors synthesize their findings and articulate a series of well-reasoned suggestions. Their vision for the future of India’s clinical trial legal system is one of pragmatism and hope, guided by the twin stars of participant safety and scientific integrity. The preface serves as an invitation to readers — scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and anyone with an interest in the crossroads of law, medicine, and ethics — to embark on this intellectual journey. The goal is not only to inform but also to inspire action that will shape a more robust, just, and effective framework for clinical trials in India. In closing, this book aims to contribute meaningfully to the discourse on improving the regulatory environment for clinical trials in India, ensuring that the nation’s laws keep pace with scientific progress while safeguarding the rights and welfare of participants.

The problem statement of the study was to compare the educational leadership behaviours of government and private school principals in Bengaluru city and to understand the organizational commitment of teachers in relation to demographic variables. The objectives were i) to study perceptions of secondary school teachers on the leadership styles of their Principals ii) to compare the differences in leadership attributes between government and private school principals in select schools of Bengaluru city iii) to study the influence of demographic variables on the organizational commitment of the teachers iv) to provide valuable suggestions to policy makers on building a successful institution to get better results The sample of the study was drawn using random sampling technique from 56 schools and consisted of 384 teachers: 107 teachers from government and 277 teachers from private high schools in Bengaluru city (urban district). The theoretical backdrop of the research was based on transactional and transformational leadership theories. Modified versions of the multifactor leadership and the organizational commitment questionnaire was used for the study. Statistical analysis using mean, standard deviation, independent samples ‘t’ tests, one-way ANOVA and confirmatory factor analysis was used for analysis of data.
The major findings of the study were that i) differences on certain attributes were observed in both transactional and transformational leadership styles between government and private school principals. ii) ‘Critical thinking’ and ‘participative’ were the styles of leadership practiced in government schools. iii) ‘Micromanagement’ and ‘charismatic’ were the styles of leadership practiced in private schools iv) personal variables like gender and age were found to have significant impact on organizational commitment of teachers iv) academic variables like experience and educational qualifications were found to have significant impact on organizational commitment of teachers.
Separate leadership models for both government and private schools were developed by the researcher highlighting important attributes that lead to the growth and the success of an organization. The study has also provided principals with an overview on what factors affected the teacher’s commitment in their schools and how they could effectively modify their leadership style to improve efficiency in teaching and learning. Suggestions are provided separately for policy makers in the government and for private managements on approaches to improve effective leadership in government and private schools
In conclusion, experience of these principals, journey into their administration and the way in which they have articulated their role over the years has given valuable insights for the future generation. There is no doubt that transformational leadership is the right way forward in Indian educational administration and implications of this research must reach beyond Bengaluru to enable teachers and Principals across the country to work together to build a strong society for the citizens of tomorrow.

As India emerges as a global nexus for commerce and trade, the subject of arbitration, particularly the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, gains monumental significance. “Enforceability of Foreign Awards in India: Problems and Perspectives” offers a deep dive into this intricate arena, bridging the gap between theoretical understanding and practical implications. This book systematically unpacks the evolution of arbitration in India, highlights the international conventions shaping its trajectory, and delves into the challenges faced in enforcing foreign awards. Of particular interest is the analysis of the ‘public policy’ constraint, which has been a pivotal point of contention in the enforceability discourse. Drawing on a combination of rigorous research, legal analysis, and case studies, the authors present a holistic view, concluding with pragmatic suggestions for refining the arbitration landscape in India. The book promises to be an invaluable resource for legal practitioners, scholars, policymakers, and students in the field.
Keywords:Arbitration in India, Enforcement of Foreign Awards, Public Policy, International Conventions, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Judicial Trends, Legal Analysis

The vast expanse of outer space, despite its seemingly boundless nature, is becoming increasingly cluttered and, consequentially, increasingly contentious. As the prospects of commercial, scientific, and even touristic activities in space grow, the need to regulate this environment becomes ever more pressing. “A Study on Current Legal Space Regime, Space Salvage and Debris Remediation: Legal Perspective and Dispute Resolution” seeks to illuminate the multifaceted challenges that arise from the exploration and utilization of the final frontier.
In this work, we strive to traverse the comprehensive terrain of space law, debris management, and space salvage. As readers delve into the first chapter, they will encounter an overview that provides foundational concepts about space, its vast reaches, the evolution of space activities, and its pivotal objects. A thorough understanding of space and its features is instrumental in grasping the forthcoming analysis of the legal intricacies that govern it.
The second chapter dives into the much-debated issues of space debris, its management, the role of salvage law in outer space, and the pivotal concern of space sustainability. Drawing parallels with maritime law and examining case studies, like the 2009 Iridium-Cosmos collision, we reflect on how terrestrial principles can be employed to mitigate cosmic challenges. We also deliberate on how to structure international cooperation to ensure the long-term use of space.
The third chapter shifts the lens to dissect space law’s evolution and its current regime. Taking readers through a timeline from the beginnings of land rights on Earth to the legal framework that governs celestial bodies, we delve deep into the various treaties, conventions, and instruments that form the backbone of outer space regulation. Further, a critical SWOT analysis and a detailed breakdown of the current legal landscape provide a clear perspective on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the prevailing space law.
The final chapter converges the earlier discussions into a coherent narrative of challenges and provides findings from our study. We put forth a suite of
vi
recommended remediation and mitigation measures, suggesting a structured governance system for outer space.
This book is an endeavor to blend academic rigor with practical insights. It is our hope that policymakers, scholars, students, and enthusiasts will find this work both enlightening and thought-provoking. As humanity continues to push its boundaries beyond our blue planet, we advocate for a legal framework that is as expansive, inclusive, and sustainable as the cosmos itself.

Prof. (Dr.) V. J. Praneshwaran

Mr. Girish M

This Ph.D. thesis is the outcome of 5-year doctoral study on “A Study on Impact of The Companies Act, 2013 on Corporate Social Responsibility in India”. This study contributes to new dimension about CSR in India. This Ph.D. thesis proposes new model, principles, Corporate Social Responsibility, and stakeholder engagement on CSR including healthcare and education through the dialectical interaction.
Definition of CSR
CSR is process by which an organization thinks about and evolves its relationships with stakeholders for the common good and demonstrates its commitment. In this regard by adoption of appropriate business process as and strategies, thus, CSR is not a charity or donations. Nowadays CSR has undergone metamorphosis to include and accepting of moral responsibilities towards the stakeholders i.e., the consumers, employees, labour, suppliers, government and the society and community. In short, CSR is a process for the care of people. After the amendment of The Indian Companies Act 1956, in 2013, it has been made compulsory by government that companies having net worth of Rs. 500 crore of more, Turnover Rs. 1000 crores or more, and net profit of Rs. 5 crores or more have to spend at least 2% percent of their 3 years average annual profit for CSR. So now, it is compulsory for them to spend their money on developing society, but the major task is how they should spend and where they should spend. Hence, this research focuses on healthcare and education towards a strategic CSR process to balance business and social goals. The proposed CSR process comprehensively can be applied to any CSR project.
After CSR was made compulsory by The Indian Companies Act 2013, a huge pool of resources was made available. Well defined projects and effective collaborations will lead India to being on the top of the list of socially developed nations. Research reports say that the overall CSR spend is concentrated in selected states only and towards selected causes like education, healthcare and environment. This study addresses a few critical issues. Many corporations today have recognized that being socially responsible is more than just donating money for a cause. Companies are gradually recognizing the benefits of meaningful Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). From board meeting to a CEO interview, CSR is a critical topic of discussion. While a few companies have proved to be exceptional in social performance, most are still finding it difficult to choose the right actions in this regard. This research shows how dynamic companies are bringing CSR issues to the center stage on the corporate radar by merging leads to greater impact through achieving societal objectives, and in turn contributes to the achievement of business objectives. Against this backdrop the present study focuses on the following:
1. To explore the practices of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in India.
2. To examine the changing trends in the performance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on social development activities in India.
3. To ascertain the impact of The Companies, Act, 2013 on CSR activities in India and to examine the CSR spending by major companies including Education & Healthcare sectors in India.
4. The determine the relationship between total number of companies under CSR and total amount spent in India.
5. To compare the CSR benefits across various development activities by Public and Non-Public Sector Organisations.
6. To examine CSR spending of major 20 companies on Education sector and major 10 companies on healthcare sector with relation to societal quality of life in India through their CSR policy, programmes and strategies. CSR is a way of conducting business by which corporate entities visibly contribute to the social good, socially responsible companies use CSR to integrate economic, environmental and social objectives with the company’s operations and growth.
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Stake Holders, The Companies Act, 2013, Charity, Philanthropy, Education, Healthcare, Environment

This study scrutinizes the laws governing medical negligence in India, highlighting the deficiencies and proposing a forward trajectory. It begins with an extensive overview of medical negligence, outlining the relevant legislations that regulate the medical profession within the country. The research delves into the liability of medical professionals under various legal heads and compares the older Consumer Protection Act of 1986 with the revamped 2019 version. Additionally, the research contrasts the Indian legal landscape with those of the UK and the USA, providing a comprehensive comparative analysis of how medical negligence is addressed in these jurisdictions. The approach of Indian courts to medical negligence is critically analyzed, revealing both strengths and limitations in current legal practices. The study culminates with a series of recommendations aimed at refining the legal framework to better address and mitigate instances of medical negligence in India.

Keywords:

Medical Negligence, Legal Framework, India, Consumer Protection Acts, Comparative Law, UK, USA, Liability, Medical Professionals, Judicial Analysis.

Cassandra Zorampari