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Beyond the Audit: A Legal Framework of Taxation



Edited Academic Volume · Indian Taxation Law

Beyond the Audit

A Legal Framework of Taxation

A scholarly edited book examining taxation as a legal framework shaped by constitutional principles, administrative institutions, digital transformation, economic policy, fiscal federalism, taxpayer rights, and regulatory reform.

Edited by
Prof. (Dr.) V.J. Praneshwaran; Dr. Seema Surendran; Ms. Nirmala R. Harish
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Chapter Abstracts
Publisher Email

Front cover of Beyond the Audit: A Legal Framework of Taxation

Publication Details

Book Information

Title
Beyond the Audit
Subtitle
A Legal Framework of Taxation
Editors
Prof. (Dr.) V.J. Praneshwaran; Dr. Seema Surendran; Ms. Nirmala R. Harish
Publisher
Jupiter Publications Consortium India
Publisher Address
22/102 Second St., Venkatesa Nagar, Virugambakkam, Chennai – 600092, Tamil Nadu, India
Phone
+91 9790911374, 9962578190
Edition
First edition
Published on
12.05.2026
ISBN
978-93-86388-69-8
Pages
338 pages, including front matter

Scope and Purpose

About the Volume

Beyond the Audit: A Legal Framework of Taxation is an edited academic volume that examines taxation law as a dynamic field of legal, economic, constitutional, and administrative governance. The volume brings together research contributions on selected contemporary issues in Indian taxation, with particular attention to the changing nature of tax compliance, fiscal federalism, digital taxation, taxpayer rights, and regulatory reform.

The book moves beyond the traditional understanding of taxation as a technical process of assessment, filing, and audit. It explores taxation as a legal framework that affects businesses, individuals, governments, and markets. The chapters analyse both direct and indirect tax questions, including income tax administration, advance tax, taxation of virtual digital assets, intellectual property rights, ancestral property, angel tax, customs duties, and cross-border tax disputes.

A significant part of the volume focuses on the Goods and Services Tax regime. The chapters examine the dual GST structure, GST Council federalism, reverse charge mechanism, GST 2.0 reforms, digital service exports, border carbon taxation, and the compliance burden on MSMEs. These discussions highlight how GST has reshaped Indian fiscal governance while continuing to raise important questions of equity, administrative efficiency, and taxpayer convenience.

The volume also engages with emerging challenges in tax administration, including artificial intelligence, faceless assessment, digital compliance systems, privacy concerns in tax investigations, and the use of technology in revenue enforcement. These chapters demonstrate how modern taxation increasingly intersects with data governance, constitutional rights, and institutional accountability.

01

Direct Taxation

Income tax administration, advance tax, angel tax, virtual digital assets, intellectual property taxation, ancestral property, and investigatory powers.

02

Indirect Taxation

GST, dual GST, GST Council federalism, reverse charge mechanism, export of digital services, MSME compliance, and customs enforcement.

03

Emerging Governance

Artificial intelligence, faceless assessment, data privacy, carbon taxation, fiscal federalism, and digital compliance ecosystems.

Editorial Note

Preface

Beyond the Audit: A Legal Framework of Taxation is an edited academic volume that brings together student scholarship on contemporary issues in Indian taxation law. The title reflects the central purpose of the book: to move beyond a narrow understanding of taxation as assessment, audit, and collection, and to examine taxation as a legal framework shaped by constitutional principles, administrative institutions, economic policy, technological change, and taxpayer rights.

The chapters in this volume engage with a wide range of themes across direct and indirect taxation. They examine the constitutional foundations of taxation, the legislative structure of income tax, the Goods and Services Tax regime, the dual GST model, GST Council federalism, reverse charge, digital services, GST 2.0 reforms, MSME compliance burdens, and the principle of equity in digital taxation. The book also includes focused studies on advance tax and SME liquidity, angel tax, virtual digital assets, intellectual property taxation, ancestral property, double taxation avoidance agreements, customs duties and smuggling, border carbon taxation, artificial intelligence in tax administration, and privacy concerns in tax investigations.

Collectively, these contributions show that taxation law is no longer limited to conventional questions of liability and exemption. It increasingly intersects with digital governance, cross-border commerce, environmental regulation, data privacy, fiscal federalism, startup financing, and the formalisation of small businesses. The volume therefore seeks to present taxation as a dynamic field of public law and economic governance, where statutory interpretation, administrative efficiency, and fairness must constantly be balanced.

The chapters have been arranged alphabetically by contributor name for consistency and ease of reference. This editorial choice allows each contribution to stand independently while preserving a coherent structure for readers. The formatting of the book follows a compact US Trade size layout suitable for print publication and digital circulation.

Reader Guide

How to Use This Edited Book

This edited book is designed as a scholarly reference for readers interested in contemporary developments in Indian taxation law. The chapters may be read independently or as part of a broader study of the relationship between taxation, constitutional governance, economic policy, digital administration, and taxpayer rights.

Readers who are new to taxation law may begin with the chapters dealing with the constitutional foundations of taxation, the structure of income tax law, and the Goods and Services Tax framework. Readers interested in indirect taxation may focus on GST, dual GST, GST Council federalism, GST 2.0 reforms, MSME compliance, digital taxation, reverse charge mechanism, export of digital services, customs duties, and border carbon taxation. Readers interested in direct taxation may refer to chapters on income tax administration, advance tax, angel tax, virtual digital assets, intellectual property rights, ancestral property, and investigatory powers under income tax law.

Each chapter contains an abstract, keywords, substantive discussion, conclusion, and references. The abstract provides a quick overview of the chapter’s scope and argument. The keywords identify the principal themes covered. The references may be used for further research and academic writing.

Academic Leadership

About the Editors

Prof. (Dr.) V.J. Praneshwaran

Director, School of Legal Studies, CMR University

Prof. (Dr.) V.J. Praneshwaran graduated in Law and completed LL.M. in Constitutional Law, M.Phil. in Law, and Ph.D. from Bangalore University. With experience in legal practice, client counselling, and teaching, his academic and professional experience spans over 23 years. His doctoral research examined laws relating to armed forces and the protection of human rights in India. He contributes to legal literacy, legal education, and legal awareness initiatives and serves as a patron in Legal Aid Trust, a registered NGO.

Dr. Seema Surendran

Professor, School of Legal Studies, CMR University

Dr. Seema Surendran has over 25 years of teaching experience. She specialises in International Law, Environmental Law, Corporate Law, Intellectual Property Law, and Criminal Law. She has served in various academic roles across institutions including KLE Society’s Law College, Amity Law School, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, Sri Kengal Hanumanthaiah Law College, and BMS College of Law. She is presently Professor at CMR School of Legal Studies, CMR University, Bangalore.

Ms. Nirmala R. Harish

Assistant Professor, CMR School of Legal Studies

Ms. Nirmala R. Harish graduated in Bachelor of Business Management from Mount Carmel College and LL.B. from CMR University School of Legal Studies in 2020, securing a gold medal. She completed LL.M. in Constitutional Law from CMR University School of Legal Studies. With over four years of experience as an Assistant Professor, her areas of interest include Criminal Law and Constitutional Law. She has cleared UGC-NET and holds certifications in Child Rights, Data Privacy, and Human Rights.

Acknowledgement

Editorial Acknowledgement

The editors express their sincere gratitude to all the contributors whose research papers form the foundation of this edited volume, Beyond the Audit: A Legal Framework of Taxation. Their engagement with contemporary issues in taxation law has made this collection academically meaningful and relevant.

The editors are grateful to CMR University School of Legal Studies for encouraging legal research and academic writing among students. The institutional support and scholarly environment provided by the University have contributed significantly to the preparation of this volume.

Sincere thanks are due to Jupiter Publications Consortium India for their support in publishing this volume and for assisting in its production. The editors also thank the technical and publishing team for their contribution to layout, design, and final preparation.

Chapter List

Contents

  1. 01Assessment and Collection of Customs Duty in India: Legal Framework and Administrative Challengesp. 1
  2. 02Rethinking Agricultural Income Exemption in India: Judicial Interpretation and Emerging Tax Policy Challengesp. 13
  3. 03A Comparative Analysis of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and the Income Tax Act, 2025p. 27
  4. 04Set-Off and Carry Forward of Losses under the Income Tax Regimes of Germany and the United Kingdomp. 46
  5. 05One Nation, One Tax: Myth or Reality? A Critical Study of the Goods and Services Tax in Indiap. 62
  6. 06Digitalisation of Income Tax Administration in India: Legal, Technological, and Practical Perspectivesp. 73
  7. 07An Analysis of the Dual GST Structure and Its Impact on Tax Administrationp. 90
  8. 08Taxation under the Indian Constitution: Legislative Structure and Judicial Influence in Income Tax Lawp. 102
  9. 09Impact of India’s VDA Tax Policy on Cross-Border Crypto Capital Flowsp. 119
  10. 10An Analysis on the 122nd Constitutional Amendment and Its Impact on Centre-State Powers in GSTp. 126
  11. 11Tax Compliance and Technology: Role of Artificial Intelligence in Indian Tax Systemp. 134
  12. 12A Constitutional Conundrum: A Comparative Analysis of the Right to Privacy and Investigatory Overreach under the Income Tax Acts of 1961 and 2025p. 144
  13. 13Taxation of Ancestral Property in India: Legal Framework and Income Tax Implicationsp. 160
  14. 14A Critical Analysis of Cross-Border Tax Disputes under Double Taxation Avoidance Agreementsp. 170
  15. 15High Customs Duties and Smuggling in India: Enforcement Failure or Policy Miscalculation?p. 187
  16. 16GST 2.0 Reforms and Ease of Doing Businessp. 196
  17. 17Taxation of Intellectual Property Rights in India: A Legal and Judicial Analysisp. 210
  18. 18A Comprehensive Analysis on Abolition of Angel Tax in Indiap. 221
  19. 19Understanding the Reverse Charge Mechanism in India: A Legal and Practical Analysis under GSTp. 237
  20. 20Reconciling Border Carbon Taxes with India’s GST Framework for a Green Transitionp. 249
  21. 21Export of Digital Services under GST: Place of Supply Rules and the Limits of Consumption-Based Taxationp. 267
  22. 22Pay as You Earn Pitfalls: Advance Tax Estimation Errors and SME Liquidity Crunch in Indiap. 278
  23. 23GST and the Principle of Equity: Compliance Burden on MSMEs in the Era of Digital Taxationp. 286
  24. 24Customs Enforcement and Trade Regulation: A Critical Appraisal of Prohibited and Restricted Goodsp. 299

Research Contributions

Chapter Abstracts and Keywords

Each chapter entry below includes the chapter title, contributor name, starting page, full abstract, and keywords.

Chapter 01 · Page 1
Assessment and Collection of Customs Duty in India: Legal Framework and Administrative Challenges
Aditi Singh

Abstract

Customs duty constitutes an essential component of India’s fiscal and regulatory framework governing international trade. Apart from serving as a significant source of governmental revenue, customs duties perform a broader economic function by regulating imports and exports, protecting domestic industries, and ensuring compliance with international trade commitments. The legal regime governing customs duties in India is primarily contained in the Customs Act, 1962 and the Customs Tariff Act, 1975, supplemented by rules, notifications, circulars issued by administrative authorities, and interpretations provided by judicial bodies. Over the past decade, India has undertaken substantial reforms in customs administration aimed at enhancing trade facilitation and improving the efficiency of duty assessment and collection. Mechanisms such as selfassessment, electronic filing of bills of entry, risk management systems, and faceless assessment have transformed the functioning of customs authorities and significantly reduced procedural delays. At the same time, the customs administration continues to encounter complex challenges, particularly in matters concerning valuation disputes, classification of goods under the Harmonised System of Nomenclature (HSN), procedural inconsistencies across ports, and the exercise of discretionary powers by customs officers. Judicial interpretation has played a crucial role in shaping the contours of customs law by clarifying statutory provisions relating to valuation, classification, reassessment, and refund of duties. Courts have frequently intervened to ensure procedural fairness and to prevent arbitrary exercise of administrative authority. Despite ongoing reforms, issues relating to administrative efficiency, legal certainty, and consistency in application of customs law remain significant concerns. This paper undertakes a doctrinal and analytical examination of the statutory framework governing the assessment and collection of customs duty in India. It analyses the legislative provisions, administrative mechanisms, and judicial decisions that structure the customs regime. The study further identifies key administrative challenges faced by customs authorities and suggests measures to enhance transparency, efficiency, and uniformity in the implementation of customs law.

Keywords

Customs DutyAssessmentCustoms AdministrationValuation of GoodsTrade FacilitationCBICInternational Trade Regulation

Chapter 02 · Page 13
Rethinking Agricultural Income Exemption in India: Judicial Interpretation and Emerging Tax Policy Challenges
Afeefa Fathima

Abstract

On the basis of federal principles, the exemption of agricultural revenue from Union taxation has been an exceptional feature of the Indian fiscal and constitutional framework. The exemption was originally conceived as a measure of protection of the interests of the farming community, as well as the maintenance of fiscal autonomy of the states, though the economic situation has given rise to an important question of the continued validity of the exemption. The legal analysis of the provision has become necessary with the rise of the commercialisation of agriculture, the growth of agribusiness enterprises, as well as the misuse of the exemption of agricultural revenue as a means of tax evasion. The current essay is a critical analysis of whether the current legal and constitutional framework is successful in maintaining a balance between the original rationale of the provision and the modern concept of equality, revenue protection, and the concept of justice in taxation, with particular emphasis on Section 2(1A) of the Income Tax Act of 1961, constitutional provisions, and the attendant mechanisms of partial integration. In addition to this, new issues such as abuse, administrative constraints, and enforcement are addressed by the paper. The paper also explores significant legal interpretations that are essential to the understanding of agricultural revenue, particularly with regards to cultivation, association with land, and agricultural enterprise structure. The paper identifies doctrinal uncertainties and policy issues with regards to preventing abuse while ensuring that legitimate agricultural activity is protected, as well as bringing it in conformity with economic realities.

Keywords

Agricultural incomeTax exemptionJudicial interpretationIncome-tax Act1961Tax policy challenges.

Chapter 03 · Page 27
A Comparative Analysis of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and the Income Tax Act, 2025
Aishwarya Rajeev

Abstract

The Income Tax Act, 1961 is the foundation of India’s direct tax system. Over time, it evolved through continuous amendments and judicial interpretation, and eventually became lengthy, complex, and difficult to navigate. The expansion of provisions relating to transfer pricing, presumptive taxation, and dispute resolution led to interpretational challenges and increased litigation. To address this, the Government introduced the Income Tax Act, 2025 to simplify and restructure the framework while maintaining continuity. This paper compares the Income Tax Act, 1961 and the Income Tax Act, 2025, examining structural, substantive, and procedural changes across various heads of income. It focuses on the reorganisation of the statute, reduction of provisions, and the shift of concepts, along with key reforms relating to residential status, significant economic presence, salary, house property, business income, capital gains, presumptive taxation, and loss set-off, as well as international taxation and transfer pricing. The study also compares procedural and administrative changes, including reassessment timelines, the expanded scope of “information,” dispute resolution, and increased reliance on digital systems such as search and seizure and electronic record-keeping. It finds that while the 2025 Act improves clarity, reduces redundancy, and enhances accessibility, it largely retains the substantive framework of the 1961 Act.

Keywords

Income Tax Act1961Income Tax Act2025tax law reformtax yearpresumptive taxationcapital gainsreassessmenttransfer pricing.

Chapter 04 · Page 46
Set-Off and Carry Forward of Losses under the Income Tax Regimes of Germany and the United Kingdom
Anamitra G Nambiar

Abstract

The principles controlling the set-off and carry-forward of losses are critical components of current income tax systems, which seek to tax net economic capability rather than total receipts. Both Germany and the United Kingdom have established systems for correcting business and capital losses, although their approaches range in scope and flexibility. Losses can be offset horizontally across income categories and vertically across assessment periods under the German income tax scheme using loss carry-back and carry-forward provisions. Germany allows a modest loss carry-back and a broad carry-forward mechanism, subject to quantitative restrictions, representing a compromise between taxpayer relief and revenue protection. In contrast, the United Kingdom takes a more flexible approach, notably for trading losses, allowing set-off against overall income, profits from the same trade, and, in some situations, collective relief. The UK similarly enables indefinite carry forward of losses, albeit post-reform regulations limit the amount of loss utilisation in a particular year. While both jurisdictions emphasize fiscal neutrality and economic continuity, Germany prioritizes anti-abuse safeguards, whereas the UK prioritizes flexibility and business continuity. A comparative research demonstrates how different tax policy objectives shape the design of loss relief measures, influencing compliance behavior and investment decisions in each jurisdiction.

Keywords

Set-off of lossesCarry forward of lossesIncome taxGermanyUnited KingdomComparative tax lawLoss relief.

Chapter 05 · Page 62
One Nation, One Tax: Myth or Reality? A Critical Study of the Goods and Services Tax in India
Anushka Acharya

Abstract

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), introduced in India with the One Hundred and First Constitutional Amendment Act in 2016, was meant to be a big change in how indirect taxes are collected. Its goal was to have a single tax system across the country, which is called “One Nation, One Tax.” By combining many different taxes that were collected by both the central and state governments, GST aimed to make the tax system uniform, stop the extra tax charges that happen when taxes are added on top of each other, and help the economy work better as a whole. The reform also aimed to promote cooperative federalism by having both the central government and the states share responsibility for managing finances together. However, despite its unifying objective, the practical functioning of GST presents several challenges. The presence of several tax rates, complicated rules for following laws, regular changes in tax rates, and having two separate systems for managing taxes have led to worries about how much real consistency there actually is in the system. Moreover, the disputes between the Centre and the States regarding revenue autonomy and decision-making within the GST Council have raised concerns about the effectiveness of consensus-based governance. This paper looks closely at whether the GST in India has actually made the idea of a single national tax a real thing or if it is still just a goal that has not been achieved. The study looks at the legal setup, the way the system is organized, and how courts have handled things to check what has been done well and what is still missing with the GST, and it gives ideas on changes needed to make a real, unified system for indirect taxes.

Keywords

Goods and Services TaxOne Nation One TaxCooperative FederalismGST CouncilIndirect Tax ReformConstitutional AmendmentFiscal Federalism.

Chapter 06 · Page 73
Digitalisation of Income Tax Administration in India: Legal, Technological, and Practical Perspectives
Chetna Pal

Abstract

Digitalisation has significantly transformed the income tax administration system in India by introducing electronic filing of returns and an automated refund mechanism. The objective of this study is to examine how e-filing and digital refund processes have improved efficiency, transparency, and taxpayer convenience. The research explains the evolution of e-filing of income tax returns, the use of online portals, and the role of Aadhaar and PAN in ensuring secure and accurate filing. It also analyses the refund mechanism, including processing through the Centralised Processing Centre (CPC), timelines for refunds, and modes of refund such as direct bank transfer. The research highlights the benefits of digitalisation, such as reduction in paperwork, faster processing of returns, and minimisation of human interference. At the same time, it discusses practical challenges faced by taxpayers, including technical errors, portal glitches, mismatch of data, and delays in refunds. Relevant legal provisions and administrative guidelines are referred to for better understanding of the system. The research concludes that digitalisation of income tax administration has strengthened tax governance and voluntary compliance, but continuous technological upgrades, taxpayer awareness, and grievance redressal mechanisms are necessary to make the system more inclusive and effective.

Keywords

DigitalisationE-filing of income tax returnsIncome tax refundsCPCTax administrationPAN and Aadhaar.

Chapter 07 · Page 90
An Analysis of the Dual GST Structure and Its Impact on Tax Administration
Deekshith V Reddy

Abstract

The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India brought a major change to the country’s indirect tax system by introducing a dual GST structure. Under this system, both the Central and State governments have the power to levy and collect tax at the same time through Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST). This paper examines the dual GST framework and studies its impact on tax administration in India. It focuses on how the sharing of taxing powers between the Centre and the States has affected administrative efficiency, coordination between governments, taxpayer compliance, and revenue collection. The dual GST system helps protect fiscal federalism by allowing States to maintain their taxing authority. However, it has also created certain administrative difficulties. These include overlapping jurisdiction of tax authorities, higher compliance requirements for taxpayers, and challenges in sharing information between the Centre and the States. The paper also analyses the role of institutions such as the GST Council and the common GST Network (GSTN) in reducing these problems and improving coordination. Overall, the study finds that although the dual GST structure has faced initial and operational challenges, it has promoted cooperative federalism and contributed to the modernization and transparency of tax administration in India.

Keywords

Dual GSTTax AdministrationCGST and SGSTFiscal FederalismGST CouncilCooperative FederalismIndirect Tax Reform.

Chapter 08 · Page 102
Taxation under the Indian Constitution: Legislative Structure and Judicial Influence in Income Tax Law
Gaana N

Abstract

Income taxation in India rests on a carefully designed constitutional and legislative structure that seeks to balance the State’s need to raise revenue with fundamental principles of legality, equality and fairness. Anchored in Articles 14, 246 and 265 of the Constitution of India, this framework defines the scope of taxing power, distributes legislative competence between the Union and the States and reinforces the basic rule that no tax can be imposed without clear authority of law. Yet, despite this seemingly stable constitutional foundation, income tax law in India has been marked by persistent disputes, interpretative uncertainty and a high volume of litigation. This paper traces the historical development of income taxation leading up to the enactment of the Incometax Act, 1961 and explores the trajectory of legislative reform through successive Finance Acts. The paper examines the dual tax regime under Section 115BAC and how courts have influenced income tax policy in practice. By analysing judicial decisions on issues such as the interpretation of exemption provisions and the distinction between taxes and fees, it highlights how inconsistent judicial outcomes and expansive appellate intervention have contributed to doctrinal uncertainty. This uncertainty, in turn, affects both taxpayers and revenue authorities by weakening predictability and increasing avoidable litigation. The paper concludes by arguing that a principled, restrained and coherent approach to judicial review—aligned with constitutional mandates and informed by comparative best practices—is essential to strengthen tax certainty, administrative efficiency and fairness within India’s income tax regime.

Keywords

Fiscal federalismRule of law in taxationJudicial review of tax lawsLegislative designTax litigation.

Chapter 09 · Page 119
Impact of India’s VDA Tax Policy on Cross-Border Crypto Capital Flows
Ganavi M C

Abstract

The introduction of the Virtual Digital Asset (VDA) tax regime through the Finance Act, 2022 marked a significant shift in India’s approach toward cryptocurrency regulation. Under this framework, income arising from the transfer of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets is taxed at a flat rate of 30%, without allowing deductions for expenses or set-off of losses. Additionally, a 1% Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) is imposed on transactions exceeding the prescribed threshold to enhance transparency and ensure reporting of crypto transactions within the formal tax system. While the policy was introduced with the objective of strengthening tax compliance and bringing digital assets under regulatory oversight, its implementation has generated considerable debate. Industry observations indicate a decline in trading volumes on Indian exchanges following the introduction of the 30% tax and 1% TDS. At the same time, there are concerns that investors are increasingly shifting to offshore platforms that offer comparatively lower tax burdens and more flexible compliance environments. Such trends raise important questions about cross-border crypto capital flows, potential revenue leakage, and the long-term implications for India’s digital asset ecosystem. This paper focuses on critically analysing whether India’s current VDA tax regime has unintentionally accelerated cross-border capital migration. It examines structural issues such as the high flat tax rate, denial of loss set-off, and the transaction-based 1% TDS, which may collectively increase compliance burdens and discourage domestic participation. The paper evaluates whether the existing framework strikes an appropriate balance between regulation and growth, or whether it risks undermining India’s competitiveness in the global digital asset market.

Keywords

Virtual Digital Assets (VDA)Cryptocurrency TaxationCrossBorder Capital FlowsCapital MigrationTax Deducted at Source (TDS)Digital Economy Regulation.

Chapter 10 · Page 126
An Analysis on the 122nd Constitutional Amendment and Its Impact on Centre-State Powers in GST
Hima Bindu S.K

Abstract

The 122nd Constitutional Amendment Bill of 2014 made it possible to bring in Goods and Services Tax, herein referred to as GST, which is a form of taxation imposed on the supply of goods and services. In 2016, the proposed bill ultimately resulted in the enactment of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. Under the GST system, taxation powers are exercised jointly by the Central and State Governments. The main objective of introducing the GST was to improve relations between the Centre and States. Prior to the implementation of the GST, the existing taxation system led to numerous issues. After it was introduced, India had a single taxation system. The GST brings several benefits, such as simplifying the tax framework, establishing a nationwide market, and fostering economic unity. However, there are also some drawbacks, such as the States having control over sales tax and entry tax compared to the Central Government. This paper looks at the legal aspects of the 122nd Constitutional Amendment. It also addresses the challenges and examines the impact of the GST on the power distribution between central and state governments. The paper offers recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of the GST over time.

Keywords

GSTTax regimeCentre-state powers122nd Constitutional AmendmentCooperative Federalism.

Chapter 11 · Page 134
Tax Compliance and Technology: Role of Artificial Intelligence in Indian Tax System
Jyoti S.T

Abstract

The increasing use of technology in tax administration has fundamentally altered the landscape of tax compliance in India. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a crucial instrument in strengthening transparency, efficiency, and accountability within the Indian tax system. This paper examines the application of AI in tax administration, focusing on faceless assessment, e-filing systems, and AI-based tax scrutiny. Faceless assessment mechanisms have reduced human interaction and discretionary powers, thereby promoting fairness and minimizing corruption. The expansion of e-filing systems has streamlined compliance procedures and improved taxpayer accessibility. Additionally, AI-driven data analytics enable tax authorities to identify high-risk cases, detect tax evasion, and enhance enforcement efficiency. However, the growing reliance on AI raises concerns relating to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and excessive state surveillance. This study critically analyses the benefits and risks associated with AI-enabled tax governance and examines the evolving framework of digital taxation in India. The paper concludes by assessing the future of AI-driven tax compliance, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that ensures effective tax administration while protecting taxpayer rights.

Keywords

Artificial intelligenceTaxE-filingTaxpayersFaceless assessment.

Chapter 12 · Page 144
A Constitutional Conundrum: A Comparative Analysis of the Right to Privacy and Investigatory Overreach under the Income Tax Acts of 1961 and 2025
Kailesh Kumar S

Abstract

The transition from the legacy Income Tax Act, 1961 to the newly enacted Income Tax Act, 2025 marks a paradigm shift in India’s fiscal administration, precipitating intense debate over state search and seizure powers. This paper offers a critical comparative analysis of the investigatory mechanisms under both statutes, evaluated specifically through the intersections of Indian Constitutional Law and Human Rights Law. While the 1961 Act relied heavily on traditional physical searches— often scrutinized for administrative overreach and procedural lapses— the 2025 Act introduces sweeping provisions granting tax authorities unprecedented, coercive access to the “Virtual Digital Space.” This modernization, intended to combat sophisticated digital tax evasion, triggers a profound controversy regarding the fundamental right to privacy protected under Article 21 of the Constitution. Applying the principles of the interpretation of statutes, this research interrogates how the legislative shift from tangible asset seizure to digital data extraction—including mandatory password overrides and cloud decryption—recalibrates the balance of power between sovereign tax authorities and individual liberties. The study tests these newly expanded administrative discretions against the doctrine of proportionality established in the landmark Puttaswamy judgment. Ultimately, the paper argues that while the 1961 regime struggled with archaic procedural flaws, the 2025 Act’s failure to codify stringent dataminimization and judicial pre-authorization protocols risks institutionalizing disproportionate state surveillance. The research concludes by proposing vital statutory safeguards to ensure that the modernization of tax compliance does not systematically erode the foundational human rights of the taxpayer.

Keywords

Income Tax Act 2025Income Tax Act 1961Right to PrivacyArticle 21Administrative LawStatutory InterpretationHuman RightsSearch and Seizure.

Chapter 13 · Page 160
Taxation of Ancestral Property in India: Legal Framework and Income Tax Implications
Muskaan Rizwanulla

Abstract

The taxation of ancestral property in India represents a significant convergence of personal inheritance laws and statutory tax provisions. Under Hindu law, particularly the Mitakshara system, ancestral property is held within a Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), where coparceners acquire rights by birth. The Income Tax Act, 1961 recognizes the HUF as a distinct taxable entity, thereby creating specific implications for income derived from such property, including rental income, business profits, and capital gains. This paper examines the legal framework governing ancestral property, focusing on the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 and relevant judicial interpretations that define coparcenary rights and partition. It further analyzes the tax treatment of ancestral property, including issues related to total and partial partition, assessment of income, and classification disputes. The study also highlights practical challenges in tax planning and compliance, emphasizing the need for coherence between traditional property laws and modern taxation systems.

Keywords

Ancestral PropertyHindu Undivided Family (HUF)Income Tax ActCoparcenaryPartitionCapital GainsTaxation LawHindu Succession Act.

Chapter 14 · Page 170
A Critical Analysis of Cross-Border Tax Disputes under Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements
Nandini K. T

Abstract

The rapid expansion of global trade and cross-border investment has made double taxation a persistent challenge for businesses and individuals operating internationally. When the same income is taxed in more than one jurisdiction, it creates uncertainty, increases costs, and discourages investment. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) were developed to address this issue by clearly allocating taxing rights between source and residence countries, thereby reducing fiscal conflicts and promoting economic cooperation. This paper examines the conceptual foundations and structural framework of DTAAs, with particular focus on key provisions relating to Permanent Establishment (PE), capital gains taxation, and dispute resolution. It gives special attention to the landmark decision in Vodafone International Holdings BV v. Union of India, which significantly influenced India’s approach to indirect transfer taxation and treaty interpretation. The case highlighted the delicate balance between a state’s right to prevent tax avoidance and its obligation to honor treaty commitments, especially in the context of treaty shopping and cross-border tax planning. The study also traces the evolution of international tax norms through the Model Convention developed by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), building upon earlier efforts of the League of Nations, and examines how these frameworks have shaped India’s growing DTAA network, including its treaty with France. Ultimately, the paper argues that sustainable treaty design must carefully balance revenue protection with investment certainty, ensuring fairness, clarity, and predictability in cross-border taxation.

Keywords

Cross-Border TaxationPermanent EstablishmentTreaty ShoppingTax SovereigntyForeign Direct Investment (FDI).

Chapter 15 · Page 187
High Customs Duties and Smuggling in India: Enforcement Failure or Policy Miscalculation?
Ponnacca D

Abstract

Customs duty is extremely important for the Indian economy, trade, government finance, and domestic industry. It propels the economy and helps keep domestic businesses protected. Despite strict legislative enforcement mechanisms against smuggling, smuggled goods continue to remain a major problem. This paper examines whether high customs duties in India make import and export trade economically expensive and thereby incentivize illegal trade. It studies the legal structure governing border trade, goods, and customs duties in India under the Customs Act, 1962 and the Customs Tariff Act, 1975. It also analyses the enforcement role of customs authorities and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs. Despite raids and seizures, smuggling continues. Economic factors such as price differences between domestic and foreign markets, high profit margins, tax avoidance, and high customs duties on goods like gold, electronics, and luxury items continue to create incentives for smuggling. Finally, the study examines whether rationalisation of customs duties, together with improved technological enforcement, may be a more effective long-term solution than merely strengthening border controls.

Keywords

Customs dutySmugglingTax evasionCustoms lawTrade regulationEnforcement mechanismDuty rationalisation.

Chapter 16 · Page 196
GST 2.0 Reforms and Ease of Doing Business
Preksha Kaushal

Abstract

This paper discusses how the recent GST changes, namely digital automation, slab rationalization, and simplifying compliance, have affected the competitiveness and ease of doing business in India for companies. Though GST was introduced in 2017 with the objective of indirect tax simplification, challenges such as complicated compliance processes, varied tax rates, and time delays in receiving Input Tax Credit (ITC) continued to affect businesses, particularly MSMEs. Survey data of 170 Maharashtra enterprises and expert opinions are used to evaluate the impact of these policies on the efficiency of companies. The findings reveal that the three variables positively affect competitiveness and ease of doing business. The strongest of these is digital automation, with r = 0.70, which implies that technology-based methods of compliance significantly reduce administrative burdens. The results also reveal that compliance time is reduced significantly, along with better management of working capital through faster refunds and automatic ITC verification. The findings of the study show that GST rationalization may promote transparency, compliance cost reduction, and competitiveness of Indian businesses, particularly MSMEs.

Keywords

GST 2.0ease of doing businessdigital automationslab rationalizationcompliance simplificationMSMEs.

Chapter 17 · Page 210
Taxation of Intellectual Property Rights in India: A Legal and Judicial Analysis
Sai Indira G

Abstract

Intellectual Property Rights have gained significant economic value in India and are producing income through licensing, assignment, and other forms of economic exploitation. This paper discusses taxation on income earned from Intellectual Property Rights under the Indian legal framework, mainly governed by the Income-tax Act, 1961. The paper studies the tax treatment of intellectual property in India, especially in cases where income is generated from Intellectual Property Rights. It discusses the meaning of royalty as defined in Section 9(1)(vi) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, as this provision forms the basis for taxing income earned from intellectual properties. It also discusses the tax implications of intangible assets by analysing depreciation under Section 32(1)(ii), as well as expenses related to procuring patents, copyrights, and know-how under Sections 35A and 35AB. The paper further examines the tax implications of income generated from Intellectual Property Rights under Sections 80QQA, 80QQB, 80RRB, and the erstwhile Section 80-O, as well as the tax incentives on income generated from patent rights under Section 115BBF. Finally, the paper briefly examines the tax treatment of intellectual properties under the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017, especially the crucial difference between licensing and assigning an intellectual property right.

Keywords

Intellectual Property RightsRoyaltyIncome-tax Act1961Capital and Revenue ExpenditureGST and IPR.

Chapter 18 · Page 221
A Comprehensive Analysis on Abolition of Angel Tax in India
Shreyash N

Abstract

The decision to abolish the angel tax in the Union Budget 2024–25 marks a significant turning point in India’s approach to startup taxation. Introduced in 2012 under Section 56(2)(viib) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, the provision was originally designed to curb money laundering by taxing the excess share premium received by unlisted companies over their fair market value. Although well-intentioned, the measure gradually became a source of anxiety and uncertainty for startups seeking early-stage funding. What was meant to prevent misuse of shell companies increasingly came to be viewed as a barrier to genuine capital formation. The expansion of the provision to cover non-resident investors in 2023 further deepened concerns about regulatory overreach, valuation disputes, and its potential chilling effect on foreign investment. This paper examines the evolution, implementation, and economic consequences of the angel tax regime, and evaluates the implications of its proposed removal under the Finance Bill, 2024. It also considers the unresolved questions surrounding pending proceedings and the broader regulatory landscape. While the abolition is likely to improve investor confidence and strengthen India’s startup ecosystem, it also raises legitimate concerns about financial transparency and the risk of misuse. The paper argues that eliminating the tax should not mean abandoning oversight. Instead, India must adopt a more balanced compliance framework—one that supports innovation and entrepreneurship while safeguarding against abuse. Ultimately, the reform reflects a larger policy challenge: aligning regulatory vigilance with the demands of a rapidly evolving innovation-driven economy.

Keywords

Startup RegulationCapital FormationShare PremiumAntiMoney Laundering.

Chapter 19 · Page 237
Understanding the Reverse Charge Mechanism in India: A Legal and Practical Analysis under GST
Surabhi Jain

Abstract

One of the most significant new ideas that the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has brought to India’s indirect tax system is the Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM). Under RCM, taxes are paid by the recipient of goods or services rather than the supplier. In order to increase tax compliance, prevent tax leakage, and include unorganized industries in the tax system, this strategy was implemented. However, taxpayers now face a number of legal and administrative obstacles as a result of its actual implementation. The purpose of this study is to investigate both the actual operation of the Reverse Charge Mechanism under GST in India and its legal structure. The statutory provisions relating to RCM under the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017, as well as relevant regulations and public notifications, are discussed in this article. It also explains the kinds of transactions that are covered by RCM, such as purchases of particular goods and services and supplies from unregistered individuals. The article places emphasis on the RCM compliance requirements, including the availability of input tax credit, tax payment, return filing, and registration. Additionally, the paper looks at real-world obstacles that businesses face, such as an increased compliance burden, cash-flow issues, unclear classification, and frequent notification changes. Judicial interpretations and departmental clarifications are also briefly examined in order to understand the practical application of RCM regulations. The paper concludes with recommendations for streamlining RCM provisions and improving compliance in order to maintain effective tax administration.

Keywords

Reverse Charge MechanismGoods and Services TaxIndirect Taxation in IndiaTax ComplianceInput Tax CreditGST Law and Practice.

Chapter 20 · Page 249
Reconciling Border Carbon Taxes with India’s GST Framework for a Green Transition
Suriyavel R

Abstract

India’s Goods and Services Tax reform has been widely celebrated as a milestone of fiscal unification, and rightly so. However, this paper argues that the same reform, in consolidating over seventeen levies into a single framework, quietly demolished something India now urgently needs: a constitutionally secure home for carbon pricing. As the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism enters its definitive phase in January 2026, Indian steel and aluminium exporters face a projected 20–35% additional fiscal burden, not because India lacks environmental ambition, but because its post-GST institutional architecture cannot express that ambition in a form the world will recognize and credit. This paper diagnoses a tripartite “jurisdictional deadlock” within India’s dual GST framework, one that leaves Parliament, the States, and the GST Council each without a clean constitutional mandate to impose a sector-specific carbon tax. It then proposes an “E-GST” model: a Green Cess embedded within Article 279A’s cooperative federalism architecture, calibrated to the EU Emissions Trading System price, verified through the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, and distributed through a tripartite revenue formula designed to overcome the political economy obstacles that have defeated earlier environmental levies. The paper argues that this framework is simultaneously constitutionally valid, CBAM-compliant, WTO-compatible, and federally equitable, and that all three legislative steps required to operationalize it are achievable without a constitutional amendment, using institutional channels that cooperative federalism has already constructed.

Keywords

Carbon Border Adjustment MechanismGSTCarbon TaxationCooperative FederalismArticle 279AGreen EconomyWTO CompatibilityE-GST Framework.

Chapter 21 · Page 267
Export of Digital Services under GST: Place of Supply Rules and the Limits of Consumption-Based Taxation
Suvidha KS

Abstract

The concept of consumption-based taxation is the basis of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, which assumes that the event of taxation occurs in the area in which the consumption of goods and services occurs, whereas exports will have a nil rate. As a result of an increase in the cross-border supply of digital services such as software-as-a-service, cloud-based computing, and online platforms, the principal underlying assumption has been put into question based on the framework of GST legal jurisdiction. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 applies to cross-border transactions involving the consumption of digital services when such digital services also meet the legal definition of export, by providing a jurisdictional and territorial reference point based on “place of supply” among items identified as “intermediary” of a supplier and seller to the end user. This is creating an improper tax liability where the service consumption occurs outside India. The research uses a doctrinal approach based on legislative provisions, administrative practice, judicial interpretation, and policy. It also identifies issues through empirical research related to these same issues and demonstrates that the application of GST principles does not meet the intended purpose of consumption-based taxation.

Keywords

Goods and Services TaxPlace of SupplyExport of ServicesDigital ServicesConsumption-Based Taxation.

Chapter 22 · Page 278
Pay as You Earn Pitfalls: Advance Tax Estimation Errors and SME Liquidity Crunch in India
Viruthagirishwaran R

Abstract

Sections 207–219 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 mandate quarterly advance tax payments where tax liability exceeds Rs. 10,000, with the objective of ensuring a steady flow of revenue to the State. This paper investigates how India’s “pay-as-you-earn” advance tax regime has contributed to estimation errors and liquidity stress for small and medium enterprises during the period 2018–2025. India’s advance income tax regime during 2018–2025 has affected both the timing of tax payments and the effectiveness of investments, particularly for businesses facing cash-flow constraints such as small and medium enterprises. During this period, advance tax became increasingly important in direct tax collection, even as tax deducted at source, self-assessment tax, and regular assessment tax played different roles in revenue mobilization. This paper examines recent developments in self-assessment and preassessment collection of direct tax in India. From 2018 to 2025, SMEs gradually faced stress under the tax regime. Income volatility after GST implementation, pandemic-induced shocks, and digital-compliance transitions made accurate income estimation difficult, leading to frequent underpayment and overpayment, exposure to interest under Sections 234B and 234C, and persistent cash-flow pressures. The Indian SME experience during 2018–2025 suggests that the current advance tax system treats the cash flow of businesses with variable income as a form of “liquidity tax.” This paper argues that advance tax regulations should be adjusted through safer harbours aligned with commercial reality, greater flexibility in payment deferral for smaller entities, and reforms that do not erode the investment and growth potential of the SME sector.

Keywords

Income-tax ActSMEsAdvance TaxDirect TaxIncome VolatilityGSTLiquidity Tax.

Chapter 23 · Page 286
GST and the Principle of Equity: Compliance Burden on MSMEs in the Era of Digital Taxation
Yogashree M

Abstract

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in India with the objective of creating a fair and uniform indirect tax system based on established principles of taxation, particularly the principle of equity. Equity in taxation requires that taxpayers are treated fairly and that the tax burden is proportionate to their capacity to comply. However, the increasing reliance on digital compliance mechanisms under GST has raised serious concerns for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This paper examines whether the present GST framework truly upholds the principle of equity in practice. It highlights how frequent procedural changes, mandatory e-invoicing, complex return filing requirements, and technological barriers have placed a disproportionate compliance burden on MSMEs when compared to large corporations. The study also analyses how penalties, interest provisions, and systemdriven defaults often impact small businesses more severely. By examining recent policy trends and practical challenges faced by MSMEs, the paper identifies key loopholes in GST implementation and suggests reforms to ensure that digital taxation does not undermine fairness and justice in the tax system.

Keywords

GSTPrinciple of EquityMSMEsDigital TaxationTax Compliance.

Chapter 24 · Page 299
Customs Enforcement and Trade Regulation: A Critical Appraisal of Prohibited and Restricted Goods
Darshan C P

Abstract

The Customs Act, 1962 is the initial law and legislative framework that regulates the importation and exportation of the goods within the territorial borders of India. At the heart of this framework are two categories of doctrinal goods of prohibition and restricted goods, the conceptual demarcation, regulatory treatment, and enforcement implications of which have far-reaching implications on trade law, constitutional rights, and international commerce. In this chapter, a detailed doctrinal examination of Sections 2(33), 11, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 122, 123, 124, 125 and 126 of the Customs Act, 1962 has been done. This chapter, by analysing some of the landmark judicial cases involving the Supreme Court, High Courts and the Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT), helps clarify the changing judicial interpretation of prohibition and restriction, the constitutional aspects of custodial interference in trade, and the modern challenges of e-commerce, digital smuggling and AI-enhanced risk-based enforcement. The chapter ends with a critical assessment of the customs enforcement paradigm in India against the norms of World Trade Organization (WTO), Basel Convention, and the framework of international customs cooperation.

Keywords

Customs Act 1962Prohibited GoodsRestricted GoodsConfiscationSection 11Section 111Section 125SmugglingCESTATWTOTrade ProhibitionRisk-Based Enforcement.

Reference Support

Glossary

Advance Tax

A system under the Income-tax Act, 1961 requiring taxpayers to pay tax in instalments during the financial year when estimated tax liability exceeds the prescribed threshold.

Angel Tax

A tax formerly imposed under Section 56(2)(viib) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 on excess share premium received by certain closely held companies above fair market value.

Artificial Intelligence

Technology that enables machines or software systems to analyse data, identify patterns, and support automated decision-making, including in tax scrutiny and compliance systems.

Assessment

The process by which tax authorities determine taxable income, tax liability, deductions, exemptions, and the compliance position of a taxpayer.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

A fiscal mechanism used to impose carbon costs on imported goods based on embedded emissions, intended to prevent carbon leakage and equalise climate-related tax burdens.

Capital Gains

Profits arising from the transfer of a capital asset, including land, buildings, securities, or certain intangible assets, taxable under the Income-tax Act, 1961.

Central Goods and Services Tax

The component of GST levied by the Central Government on intra-State supplies of goods or services.

Compliance Burden

The administrative, financial, technological, and procedural effort required from taxpayers to comply with tax laws and reporting obligations.

Consumption-Based Taxation

A taxation principle under which tax is imposed at the place where goods or services are consumed rather than where they are produced.

Customs Duty

A tax levied on goods imported into or exported from India under customs law.

Digital Services

Services supplied through electronic or digital networks, including SaaS, cloud computing, online platforms, digital marketplaces, and remote technology services.

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement

A treaty between two countries designed to prevent the same income from being taxed twice and to allocate taxing rights between jurisdictions.

Dual GST

The GST model followed in India under which both the Centre and the States levy GST simultaneously on the same taxable supply.

E-Filing

The electronic filing of tax returns, forms, declarations, and other statutory documents through an online tax portal.

E-Invoicing

A system under GST where specified taxpayers generate invoices electronically through a prescribed platform for real-time reporting and validation.

Export of Services

A supply of service where the supplier is located in India, the recipient is located outside India, the place of supply is outside India, payment is received in permitted foreign exchange or Indian rupees, and the supplier and recipient are not merely establishments of the same person.

Faceless Assessment

A digital tax assessment system that reduces direct interaction between taxpayers and tax officers by using electronic communication and centralised allocation of cases.

Fair Market Value

The value that an asset or share would ordinarily fetch in an open market transaction between willing parties.

Fiscal Federalism

The constitutional and financial arrangement governing distribution of taxing powers, revenue, and fiscal responsibilities between the Centre and the States.

Goods and Services Tax

A destination-based indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services in India.

GST Council

The constitutional body established under Article 279A of the Constitution of India to make recommendations on GST rates, exemptions, procedures, and related matters.

Hindu Undivided Family

A distinct taxable entity under the Income-tax Act, 1961 consisting of persons lineally descended from a common ancestor and governed by Hindu law principles.

Input Tax Credit

Credit available to a registered taxpayer for GST paid on purchases, which may be used to offset GST payable on outward supplies.

Integrated Goods and Services Tax

The GST component levied on inter-State supplies, imports, and certain cross-border transactions.

Intellectual Property Rights

Legal rights over creations of the mind, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, designs, know-how, and other intangible assets.

MSME

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise, classified in India on the basis of investment and turnover thresholds.

Reverse Charge Mechanism

A GST mechanism under which the recipient of goods or services is liable to pay tax instead of the supplier.

Virtual Digital Asset

A digital representation of value, including cryptocurrency and certain digital tokens, regulated for tax purposes under the Income-tax Act, 1961.

Zero-Rated Supply

A supply under GST on which output tax is not charged, while input tax credit or refund remains available, typically including exports and supplies to Special Economic Zones.

Reference Support

List of Abbreviations

  • AIArtificial Intelligence
  • AOAssessing Officer
  • AYAssessment Year
  • BEEBureau of Energy Efficiency
  • CBAMCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
  • CBDTCentral Board of Direct Taxes
  • CBICCentral Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs
  • CENVATCentral Value Added Tax
  • CGSTCentral Goods and Services Tax
  • CIICost Inflation Index
  • CPCCentralised Processing Centre
  • DCFDiscounted Cash Flow
  • DINDocument Identification Number
  • DPIITDepartment for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
  • DRIDirectorate of Revenue Intelligence
  • DTAADouble Taxation Avoidance Agreement
  • EVCElectronic Verification Code
  • FDIForeign Direct Investment
  • FMVFair Market Value
  • FYFinancial Year
  • GATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
  • GDPGross Domestic Product
  • GSTGoods and Services Tax
  • GSTNGoods and Services Tax Network
  • HUFHindu Undivided Family
  • IGSTIntegrated Goods and Services Tax
  • IPIntellectual Property
  • IPRIntellectual Property Rights
  • ITIncome Tax
  • ITCInput Tax Credit
  • ITRIncome Tax Return
  • LDCLower Deduction Certificate
  • LOBLimitation on Benefits
  • MAPMutual Agreement Procedure
  • MSMEMicro, Small and Medium Enterprise
  • NAVNet Asset Value
  • NRINon-Resident Indian
  • OECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  • OIDAROnline Information Database Access and Retrieval
  • PANPermanent Account Number
  • PEPermanent Establishment
  • RCMReverse Charge Mechanism
  • RBIReserve Bank of India
  • SaaSSoftware as a Service
  • SEZSpecial Economic Zone
  • SGSTState Goods and Services Tax
  • SMESmall and Medium Enterprise
  • TDSTax Deducted at Source
  • TIEATax Information Exchange Agreement
  • UCCUniform Civil Code
  • VATValue Added Tax
  • VCLTVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
  • VDAVirtual Digital Asset
  • WTOWorld Trade Organization



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